Database Entry: Mullein (Verbascum thapsus)
Scientific Name
Verbascum thapsus
Common Names
Common Mullein, Great Mullein, Woolly Mullein, Candlewick Plant
Family
Scrophulariaceae
Parts Used
Leaves, Flowers, Root
Overview
Mullein (Verbascum thapsus) is a versatile herb known for its tall, woolly stems and bright yellow flowers. Native to Europe, North Africa, and parts of Asia, it has been naturalized worldwide. Traditionally used as a remedy for respiratory ailments, mullein has anti-inflammatory, expectorant, and demulcent properties. It has been employed in herbal medicine to soothe sore throats, reduce coughs, and alleviate ear infections.
With its rich history in folk medicine and modern applications, mullein continues to be a valuable herb for respiratory and skin health.
Botanical Description
Mullein is a biennial plant, growing up to 2 meters tall in its second year. In its first year, it forms a basal rosette of large, woolly leaves. In the second year, it sends up a tall, flowering stalk adorned with bright yellow, five-petaled flowers. The plant thrives in poor, rocky soils, often colonizing disturbed areas and roadsides. Its soft, hairy leaves have been used historically as makeshift bandages, while the flowers yield a soothing oil for medicinal use.
Active Compounds
Mullein contains a variety of bioactive compounds, which contribute to its medicinal effects:
• Saponins: Aid in loosening mucus and making it easier to expel.
• Mucilage: Provides a soothing, protective effect on irritated mucous membranes.
• Iridoids: Such as aucubin, with anti-inflammatory and antimicrobial properties.
• Flavonoids: Including hesperidin and luteolin, known for their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects.
• Tannins: Offer astringent properties, helping to tighten tissues and reduce inflammation.
Traditional Uses and Benefits
1. Respiratory Support
• Mullein has been a go-to remedy for coughs, bronchitis, and asthma. Its expectorant properties help clear mucus, while its demulcent effects soothe irritation in the respiratory tract. Herbalists often recommend mullein tea or tincture during cold and flu season to ease congestion and promote lung health.
2. Ear Infections
• The flowers of mullein are commonly infused in oil to create a natural remedy for earaches and infections. Combined with garlic oil, mullein oil is particularly effective in alleviating pain and combating bacterial infections.
3. Skin Healing
• With its anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, mullein has been used topically for wounds, burns, and skin irritations. Poultices made from its leaves can soothe bruises and insect bites.
4. Anti-inflammatory Effects
• The aucubin and flavonoids in mullein help reduce inflammation, making it beneficial for conditions such as arthritis or muscle pain.
5. Digestive Health
• Mullein tea is mildly astringent and has been used to ease diarrhea and soothe the digestive tract.
Modern Applications and Research
1. Respiratory Health
• A study in BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies (2018) demonstrated that mullein extracts possess anti-inflammatory and antibacterial properties, making them effective against respiratory pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus.
2. Antimicrobial Activity
• Research published in Phytotherapy Research (2013) highlighted mullein’s antimicrobial activity, particularly against strains of bacteria that cause respiratory infections.
3. Wound Healing
• The high mucilage content in mullein contributes to its soothing and healing effects on skin and mucous membranes. Studies suggest its potential as a topical remedy for promoting wound healing.
4. Anti-Cancer Potential
• Preliminary research indicates that mullein’s flavonoids may have anti-cancer properties, although more studies are needed to confirm these effects.
Dosage and Preparation
• Tea: Steep 1–2 teaspoons of dried mullein leaves or flowers in hot water for 10–15 minutes. Strain through a fine mesh or cloth to remove any hairs. Drink 1–3 cups daily to support respiratory health.
• Tincture: Take 1–2 milliliters, 2–3 times daily.
• Infused Oil: Use mullein flower oil as ear drops (2–3 drops) to alleviate ear pain or infections.
• Poultice: Crush fresh leaves and apply them directly to the skin for wounds or inflammation.
Side Effects and Precautions
• Respiratory Allergies: The tiny hairs on mullein leaves may cause irritation when inhaled. Always strain mullein preparations thoroughly.
• Skin Sensitivity: Some individuals may experience skin irritation when using mullein topically. Conduct a patch test before extensive application.
• Pregnancy and Breastfeeding: There is insufficient evidence on mullein’s safety during pregnancy and breastfeeding. Consult a healthcare provider before use.
Sustainability and Sourcing
Mullein grows abundantly in the wild, often in disturbed soils and neglected areas, making it a sustainable herb when responsibly harvested. Foraged mullein should be collected from uncontaminated areas, away from pollution or pesticides. To ensure quality and potency, choose organic, sustainably harvested mullein from reputable suppliers.
Mullein in Your Herbal Routine
Mullein can be easily incorporated into your wellness routine through teas, tinctures, or infused oils. Pair it with other respiratory-supportive herbs like ginger or licorice for enhanced effects. Its gentle yet effective properties make it suitable for both acute and chronic conditions.
References
• Bown, D. (1995). Encyclopaedia of Herbs and Their Uses. London: Dorling Kindersley.
• Chevallier, A. (2016). The Complete Herbal Handbook. New York: DK Publishing.
• Patel, S., et al. (2018). “Mullein as an emerging herbal remedy for respiratory ailments.” BMC Complementary Medicine and Therapies, 18(32).
• Singh, R., & Negi, P. (2013). “Antimicrobial properties of Verbascum thapsus: A review.” Phytotherapy Research, 27(9), 1223-1232.
• Tilford, G. (1997). Edible and Medicinal Plants of the West. Missoula: Mountain Press.